Mandarin (from English)

1. Orientation
2. The Tone System
3. Brief Grammar Guide
4. Top 100 Most Common Traditional Characters

1. Orientation

This page covers Traditional Character Mandarin — the standard written form used in Taiwan, Hong Kong (alongside Cantonese), and the broader Chinese diaspora. The spoken language is the same Mandarin (普通話 Pǔtōnghuà / 國語 Guóyǔ) regardless of which character set is used; Traditional and Simplified are two written representations of the same spoken language.

In Taiwan, Mandarin is called 國語 (Guóyǔ, "National Language"). On the mainland it is called 普通話 (Pǔtōnghuà, "Common Speech"). The grammar and vocabulary on this page apply to both; only the characters differ from the Simplified standard.

學習語言需要時間與耐心。 Xuéxí yǔyán xūyào shíjiān yǔ nàixīn. Learning a language takes time and patience.

Do not study Mandarin and Cantonese simultaneously — the overlap in characters masks significant tonal and grammatical differences and will cause confusion in the early stages.

2. The Tone System

Mandarin has four tones plus a neutral tone. The same syllable with a different tone is an entirely different word — tones are non-negotiable from day one.

Tone	Mark	Description	Example	Meaning
1st	ā (flat line)	High and level — held steady	媽 mā	mother
2nd	á (rising)	Rising — like a question in English	麻 má	hemp; numb
3rd	ǎ (dip)	Falls then rises — the "valley" tone	馬 mǎ	horse
4th	à (falling)	Sharp falling — like a command	罵 mà	to scold
Neutral	a (no mark)	Short, light, unstressed	嗎 ma	(question particle)

Tone Change Rules

Two consecutive 3rd tones: the first changes to a 2nd tone. 你好 (nǐ hǎo) is pronounced ní hǎo in speech.
不 bù before a 4th tone: changes to 2nd tone. 不是 becomes bú shì.
一 yī: changes to 2nd tone before 4th tones, and to 4th tone before 1st, 2nd, or 3rd tones.

Pinyin is the official romanisation system for Mandarin. Tone marks sit over the main vowel of each syllable. Mastering pinyin thoroughly at the start saves considerable time later.

3. Brief Grammar Guide

Mandarin grammar is significantly simpler than European languages in some respects — no verb conjugation, no grammatical gender, no inflected cases. The main challenges are tones, characters, and a set of grammatical particles with no direct Western equivalent.

3a · Basic Sentence Structure (SVO)

Mandarin follows Subject – Verb – Object order, the same as English.

我愛你。 Wǒ ài nǐ. I love you. (Subject: 我, Verb: 愛, Object: 你)

她吃飯。 Tā chī fàn. She eats rice/a meal.

Time words and location phrases typically come before the verb, not at the end of the sentence as in English:

我明天去學校。 Wǒ míngtiān qù xuéxiào. I [tomorrow] go [to] school. → I'm going to school tomorrow.

There is no conjugation. 去 (qù, to go) is the same whether the subject is I, you, she, we, or they, and whether the action is past, present, or future. Context and time words carry that information instead.

3b · Negation — 不 and 沒

There are two main negation words, and they are not interchangeable.

Word	Pinyin	Used for	Example
不	bù	General negation; present/future; will not; does not want to	我不去。Wǒ bù qù. — I'm not going.
沒	méi	Negation of 有 (to have); past actions that did not happen	我沒有錢。Wǒ méiyǒu qián. — I don't have money.

我不喜歡。 Wǒ bù xǐhuān. I don't like it.

我沒去。 Wǒ méi qù. I didn't go. (past action that didn't happen)

3c · Aspect Markers — 了、過、著

Mandarin does not conjugate verbs for tense, but uses aspect markers to indicate the nature of an action — completed, experienced, or ongoing. These are placed directly after the verb.

Marker	Pinyin	Function	Example
了	le	Completion — the action is done	我吃了。Wǒ chī le. — I've eaten.
過	guò	Experience — the action has been done at some point in one's life	我去過日本。Wǒ qù guò Rìběn. — I've been to Japan (before).
著	zhe	Continuous/progressive — the action is ongoing	她笑著說。Tā xiào zhe shuō. — She said (it) while smiling.

了 also appears at the end of a sentence to indicate a change of state rather than completion: 天黑了 (Tiān hēi le) — "It's gotten dark" (the sky has changed to dark).

3d · Measure Words — 量詞

In Mandarin, a measure word (量詞, liàngcí) is required between a number or demonstrative and a noun. You cannot say "three book" or "this dog" — you must use the appropriate measure word for that category of noun.

Measure Word	Pinyin	Used for	Example
個	gè	People; general default (when unsure, 個 usually works)	一個人 yī gè rén — one person
本	běn	Bound objects: books, notebooks, magazines	三本書 sān běn shū — three books
張	zhāng	Flat objects: paper, tickets, tables, beds	一張紙 yī zhāng zhǐ — a piece of paper
條	tiáo	Long, flexible things: fish, rivers, roads, trousers	兩條魚 liǎng tiáo yú — two fish
杯	bēi	Cup-shaped containers: drinks, cups	一杯水 yī bēi shuǐ — a glass of water
隻	zhī	Animals (small/medium); one of a pair	一隻狗 yī zhī gǒu — one dog
位	wèi	People (polite/formal)	這位老師 zhè wèi lǎoshī — this teacher
件	jiàn	Items of clothing; matters/affairs	一件事 yī jiàn shì — one matter

3e · Questions

Mandarin has several ways to form questions, none of which require changing word order.

嗎 (ma) — yes/no questions

Add 嗎 to the end of a statement to make it a yes/no question.

你是學生嗎？ Nǐ shì xuéshēng ma? Are you a student?

呢 (ne) — "what about…?" / continuation

我很好，你呢？ Wǒ hěn hǎo, nǐ ne? I'm well — and you?

A-not-A questions

Repeat the verb with its negation to form a question — no particle needed.

你去不去？ Nǐ qù bu qù? Are you going or not?

Question words

Character	Pinyin	Meaning	Example
什麼	shénme	what	你叫什麼名字？— What is your name?
誰	shéi	who	那是誰？— Who is that?
哪	nǎ	which	哪一個？— Which one?
哪裡	nǎlǐ	where	你在哪裡？— Where are you?
什麼時候	shénme shíhòu	when	你什麼時候來？— When are you coming?
為什麼	wèishénme	why	你為什麼哭？— Why are you crying?
怎麼	zěnme	how	怎麼說？— How do you say it?
多少	duōshǎo	how many / how much	多少錢？— How much does it cost?

Question words in Mandarin stay in the same position as the answer would — they do not move to the front the way "who" and "what" do in English.

3f · 是…的 Construction

The 是…的 (shì…de) pattern is used to emphasise a detail about a past action — typically when, where, how, or by whom it was done. The action itself is assumed to have happened; 是…的 focuses the emphasis.

他是昨天來的。 Tā shì zuótiān lái de. It was yesterday that he came. (Emphasis: when)

她是坐飛機來的。 Tā shì zuò fēijī lái de. She came by plane. (Emphasis: how)

3g · The 把 Construction

The 把 (bǎ) construction moves the object of an action before the verb. It is used when the action has a significant, specific effect on the object — the object is handled, moved, changed, or disposed of.

我把書放在桌上。 Wǒ bǎ shū fàng zài zhuō shàng. I put the book on the table. (Lit: I [took] the book [and] placed [it] on the table.)

把 sentences require a verb with something after it — a direction, result, or complement. A bare verb alone is not grammatical in a 把 sentence.

3h · Expressing "to have" and "there is" — 有

有 (yǒu) handles two related functions: possession ("to have") and existence ("there is/are").

我有一隻貓。 Wǒ yǒu yī zhī māo. I have a cat.

桌上有一本書。 Zhuō shàng yǒu yī běn shū. There is a book on the table.

是 (shì, to be) is not used for existence or possession in Mandarin — only 有 carries that role.

4. Top 100 Most Common Traditional Characters

The characters below are drawn from standard Mandarin frequency studies and overlap substantially with HSK 1 vocabulary. All are given in Traditional form. Knowing these 100 characters by sight gives you a foundation for reading everyday Mandarin text, since the most frequent characters account for a large portion of all written material.

Pinyin tone marks: ā á ǎ à (1st–4th tones). A syllable shown without a tone mark is neutral tone. Many characters have multiple readings depending on meaning — the most common reading is listed here.

#	Character	Simplified	Pinyin	Core meaning
1	的	的	de	possessive/structural particle (的書 = "the book of…")
2	一	一	yī	one
3	是	是	shì	to be; is, am, are
4	不	不	bù	not, no (general negation)
5	了	了	le	completion/change-of-state marker
6	人	人	rén	person, people
7	我	我	wǒ	I, me
8	在	在	zài	at, in, on; to be located at
9	有	有	yǒu	to have; there is/are
10	他	他	tā	he, him
11	這	这	zhè	this
12	中	中	zhōng	middle, centre; China
13	大	大	dà	big, large
14	來	来	lái	to come
15	上	上	shàng	above, on top; to go up
16	國	国	guó	country, nation
17	個	个	gè	general-purpose measure word
18	到	到	dào	to arrive; to (a destination)
19	說	说	shuō	to say, to speak
20	們	们	men	plural suffix for pronouns & people
21	為	为	wèi	for; because of; in order to
22	和	和	hé	and; harmonious; peaceful
23	你	你	nǐ	you (singular)
24	地	地	de	adverbial structural particle (慢慢地 = slowly)
25	出	出	chū	to exit, to come out
26	道	道	dào	road, way; to say (知道 = to know)
27	也	也	yě	also, too; as well
28	時	时	shí	time, period, season
29	年	年	nián	year
30	得	得	de	result/degree complement marker (跑得快 = runs fast)
31	就	就	jiù	then, right away; just; as early as
32	那	那	nà	that
33	要	要	yào	to want; to need; will; important
34	下	下	xià	below, under; to go down
35	以	以	yǐ	by means of; with; in order to
36	生	生	shēng	to be born; life; raw; student
37	會	会	huì	can, to be able to; will; meeting
38	自	自	zì	self, oneself; from
39	著	著	zhe	continuous/progressive aspect marker
40	去	去	qù	to go
41	之	之	zhī	of (literary/formal); it
42	過	过	guò	to pass, to cross; experiential aspect marker
43	家	家	jiā	home, family; (suffix: expert in a field)
44	學	学	xué	to learn, to study
45	對	对	duì	correct, right; toward; a pair
46	可	可	kě	can, may; but
47	她	她	tā	she, her
48	裡	里	lǐ	inside, within
49	後	后	hòu	after, behind; later
50	小	小	xiǎo	small, little; young
51	心	心	xīn	heart, mind; centre
52	多	多	duō	many, much, more
53	天	天	tiān	sky, heaven; day
54	而	而	ér	and, yet, but; then (literary connector)
55	能	能	néng	can, to be able to (physical ability)
56	好	好	hǎo	good, well; very
57	都	都	dōu	all, both; already
58	然	然	rán	correct, so; (suffix: 雖然 = although)
59	沒	没	méi	not have; did not (past negation)
60	日	日	rì	sun; day; Japan
61	於	于	yú	at, in, than, from (literary/formal)
62	起	起	qǐ	to rise, to get up; to begin
63	還	还	hái	still, yet; also; in addition
64	發	发	fā	to send, to emit, to issue; to develop
65	成	成	chéng	to become; to succeed; completed
66	事	事	shì	matter, affair, event
67	只	只	zhǐ	only, just
68	作	作	zuò	to work, to create; work, composition
69	當	当	dāng	when; to serve as; to face; proper
70	想	想	xiǎng	to think; to want; to miss someone
71	看	看	kàn	to look, to see, to watch; to read
72	文	文	wén	writing, language, culture; script
73	無	无	wú	without, not have (literary; 沒有 in speech)
74	開	开	kāi	to open; to start; to drive (a vehicle)
75	手	手	shǒu	hand
76	主	主	zhǔ	main, primary; host; master; lord
77	行	行	xíng	to walk; OK, will do; capable
78	面	面	miàn	face; surface; side; noodles
79	如	如	rú	like, as; if; according to
80	先	先	xiān	first, earlier; before
81	方	方	fāng	direction, side; method; square
82	長	长	cháng	long (in length); (zhǎng: to grow; chief)
83	知	知	zhī	to know (知道 zhīdào = to know)
84	問	问	wèn	to ask, to enquire
85	向	向	xiàng	toward, in the direction of
86	內	内	nèi	inside, within; internal
87	做	做	zuò	to do, to make (more colloquial than 作)
88	老	老	lǎo	old; always; very; prefix of familiarity
89	新	新	xīn	new, fresh
90	口	口	kǒu	mouth; measure word for people & mouthfuls
91	給	给	gěi	to give; for; (passive marker in some dialects)
92	嗎	吗	ma	yes/no question particle
93	呢	呢	ne	"what about…?" / softening particle
94	吧	吧	ba	suggestion / assumption particle
95	前	前	qián	front; before; previous
96	走	走	zǒu	to walk; to leave; to go
97	把	把	bǎ	to grasp; object-handling marker; measure word for handled objects
98	被	被	bèi	passive voice marker; to suffer; by (agent)
99	讓	让	ràng	to let, to allow; to yield; causative marker
100	從	从	cóng	from; since; to follow

This list covers the most statistically frequent characters in Mandarin text. Many are grammatical particles or high-frequency function words rather than content vocabulary — which is exactly why they appear so often. Recognising them on sight is the first milestone in reading fluency.

Characters 101–200

The next hundred characters extend into core content vocabulary — common nouns, adjectives, verbs, and prepositions that appear across all registers of written and spoken Mandarin. All in Traditional form.

#	Character	Simplified	Pinyin	Core meaning
101	同	同	tóng	same; together with
102	又	又	yòu	again; also; and; moreover
103	經	经	jīng	to pass through; already; classic; scripture
104	現	现	xiàn	to appear; present; current (現在 = now)
105	用	用	yòng	to use; to employ; usage
106	高	高	gāo	tall; high; superior; surname Gao
107	見	见	jiàn	to see; to meet; to appear
108	分	分	fēn	to divide; part; minute (fèn: share, portion)
109	外	外	wài	outside; foreign; other; beyond
110	明	明	míng	bright; clear; next (day/year); to understand
111	兩	两	liǎng	two (before measure words); both; an ounce
112	等	等	děng	to wait; equal; rank; et cetera
113	入	入	rù	to enter; to join; to come in
114	情	情	qíng	emotion; feeling; love; situation; circumstances
115	子	子	zǐ	son; child; (noun suffix: 桌子 = table)
116	公	公	gōng	public; fair; official; Mr.; male (animal)
117	確	确	què	definite; certain; accurate; to confirm
118	已	已	yǐ	already; to stop; to end
119	三	三	sān	three
120	點	点	diǎn	dot; point; a little; o'clock; to order (food)
121	動	动	dòng	to move; movement; touching; emotion
122	二	二	èr	two; second; another
123	電	电	diàn	electricity; electric; lightning; to telephone
124	意	意	yì	meaning; intention; idea; wish
125	及	及	jí	and; as well as; to reach; in time for
126	應	应	yīng	should; ought to (yìng: to respond; to cope)
127	通	通	tōng	to pass through; connected; fluent; common
128	全	全	quán	whole; complete; entire; all; entirely
129	每	每	měi	every; each
130	關	关	guān	to close; concerning; pass; customs; barrier
131	實	实	shí	real; actual; solid; fact; fruit
132	因	因	yīn	because; cause; reason; to follow
133	由	由	yóu	from; reason; due to; to let; to follow
134	但	但	dàn	but; yet; however
135	政	政	zhèng	government; political affairs; administration
136	很	很	hěn	very; quite (colloquial intensifier)
137	此	此	cǐ	this; these; here; such
138	力	力	lì	power; strength; effort; force; influence
139	理	理	lǐ	reason; logic; natural sciences; to manage; to heed
140	者	者	zhě	person who… (suffix: 作者 = author; 學者 = scholar)
141	少	少	shǎo	few; little; lack (shào: young; junior)
142	月	月	yuè	moon; month
143	書	书	shū	book; letter; documents; handwriting; to write
144	兒	儿	ér	son; child; (erhua 兒化 suffix for softening)
145	水	水	shuǐ	water; liquid; a river
146	話	话	huà	speech; words; language; something said
147	各	各	gè	each; every; various; respective
148	號	号	hào	number; day of the month; signal; size; to call
149	平	平	píng	flat; level; peaceful; equal; average; to calm
150	民	民	mín	people; citizens; civilian; folk
151	語	语	yǔ	language; speech; words (yù: to tell; proverb)
152	代	代	dài	generation; era; to represent; dynasty
153	場	场	chǎng	field; place; scene; stage; (measure word for events)
154	體	体	tǐ	body; form; system; style
155	間	间	jiān	between; room; space (jiàn: to separate)
156	女	女	nǚ	woman; female; daughter
157	原	原	yuán	original; source; level ground; to pardon
158	特	特	tè	special; particular; especially
159	非	非	fēi	not; wrong; non-; must; Africa
160	相	相	xiāng	mutually; each other (xiàng: appearance; to face)
161	命	命	mìng	life; fate; order; to name; to assign
162	加	加	jiā	to add; plus; to increase; Canada
163	必	必	bì	must; necessary; certainly
164	立	立	lì	to stand; to establish; upright; immediately
165	最	最	zuì	most; -est (superlative marker)
166	部	部	bù	part; section; department; (measure word for films/books)
167	強	强	qiáng	strong; powerful; better (qiǎng: to force; to rob)
168	取	取	qǔ	to take; to obtain; to choose; to fetch
169	法	法	fǎ	law; method; way; France; Buddhism
170	期	期	qī	period; phase; issue (of publication); to expect
171	色	色	sè	colour; look; type; desire
172	反	反	fǎn	opposite; contrary; to oppose; to turn over
173	受	受	shòu	to receive; to accept; to endure; to suffer
174	系	系	xì	system; department; to connect; lineage
175	本	本	běn	root; origin; edition; capital; (measure word for books)
176	所	所	suǒ	place; what; (passive marker: 所+verb)
177	活	活	huó	to live; alive; lively; flexible; work
178	正	正	zhèng	correct; upright; straight; main; precisely; just now
179	其	其	qí	his/her/its (literary); that; other; (rhetorical)
180	種	种	zhǒng	kind; type; seed; race (zhòng: to plant)
181	重	重	zhòng	heavy; important (chóng: again; repeated; layered)
182	連	连	lián	to connect; even; including; in succession
183	次	次	cì	time; (measure word for events/occurrences); second; inferior
184	將	将	jiāng	about to; will; to take (jiàng: general, commander)
185	度	度	dù	degree; extent; to spend (time); attitude; measure
186	若	若	ruò	if; like; as (literary/written)
187	與	与	yǔ	and; with; to give (literary) (yù: to participate)
188	首	首	shǒu	head; first; (measure word for songs and poems)
189	思	思	sī	to think; to miss; thought; idea
190	路	路	lù	road; path; way; route; journey
191	業	业	yè	profession; industry; enterprise; to study; karma
192	別	别	bié	other; another; don't; to part; difference
193	數	数	shù	number; several; fate (shǔ: to count; to enumerate)
194	形	形	xíng	shape; form; body; to appear; to compare
195	名	名	míng	name; fame; (measure word for named people); famous
196	該	该	gāi	should; ought to; this very (gāi: to owe)
197	神	神	shén	god; spirit; supernatural; expression; amazing
198	直	直	zhí	straight; direct; vertical; frankly; always
199	氣	气	qì	air; breath; spirit; weather; to anger; steam; vapour
200	光	光	guāng	light; bright; bare; smooth; only; glory; honour

Characters 201–300

The third hundred continues into broader content vocabulary spanning everyday objects, common actions, social concepts, and structural words that appear throughout spoken and written Mandarin. All in Traditional form.

#	Character	Simplified	Pinyin	Core meaning
201	放	放	fàng	to put; to place; to release; to let go; to set free
202	走	走	zǒu	to walk; to go; to leave; to run away
203	向	向	xiàng	toward; facing; direction; to face; always
204	方	方	fāng	square; direction; method; region; side
205	面	面	miàn	face; surface; side; noodles; (measure word for flat things)
206	見	见	jiàn	to see; to meet; to appear; to witness
207	主	主	zhǔ	main; host; master; to manage; God; Lord
208	現在	现在	xiàn zài	now; currently; at present
209	已經	已经	yǐ jīng	already
210	還是	还是	hái shi	still; or (in questions); had better
211	雖然	虽然	suī rán	although; even though
212	因為	因为	yīn wèi	because; due to
213	所以	所以	suǒ yǐ	therefore; so; as a result
214	如果	如果	rú guǒ	if; in case; assuming
215	但是	但是	dàn shì	but; however (more formal than 但)
216	而且	而且	ér qiě	moreover; furthermore; in addition
217	那麼	那么	nà me	then; in that case; so
218	非常	非常	fēi cháng	very; extremely; exceptional; unusual
219	比較	比较	bǐ jiào	to compare; relatively; rather; comparatively
220	一樣	一样	yī yàng	same; alike; as…as
221	開始	开始	kāi shǐ	to begin; to start; beginning
222	結束	结束	jié shù	to end; to finish; conclusion
223	繼續	继续	jì xù	to continue; to go on; to carry on
224	準備	准备	zhǔn bèi	to prepare; preparation; ready
225	完成	完成	wán chéng	to complete; to accomplish; finished
226	需要	需要	xū yào	to need; to require; need; necessity
227	可以	可以	kě yǐ	can; may; permissible; passable
228	必須	必须	bì xū	must; have to; necessarily
229	能夠	能够	néng gòu	to be able to; can; capable of
230	希望	希望	xī wàng	to hope; hope; to wish; wish
231	相信	相信	xiāng xìn	to believe; to trust; to be convinced
232	認為	认为	rèn wéi	to think; to consider; to believe; to hold the view that
233	表示	表示	biǎo shì	to show; to express; to indicate; to mean
234	表現	表现	biǎo xiàn	to show; to display; performance; expression
235	解決	解决	jiě jué	to solve; to resolve; to settle
236	影響	影响	yǐng xiǎng	to affect; influence; effect; impact
237	提供	提供	tí gōng	to provide; to supply; to offer
238	建立	建立	jiàn lì	to establish; to set up; to build; to create
239	發現	发现	fā xiàn	to discover; to find; discovery
240	注意	注意	zhù yì	to pay attention to; to notice; attention
241	問題	问题	wèn tí	problem; question; issue; matter
242	情況	情况	qíng kuàng	situation; condition; circumstance; state of affairs
243	關係	关系	guān xi	relationship; connection; to matter; relevance
244	意思	意思	yì si	meaning; idea; wish; interest; a little
245	方面	方面	fāng miàn	aspect; respect; side; field
246	過程	过程	guò chéng	process; course; procedure
247	目的	目的	mù dì	purpose; goal; aim; objective
248	結果	结果	jié guǒ	result; outcome; consequently; as a result
249	條件	条件	tiáo jiàn	condition; requirement; term; prerequisite
250	可能	可能	kě néng	possible; maybe; perhaps; possibility
251	重要	重要	zhòng yào	important; significant; major
252	主要	主要	zhǔ yào	main; primary; principal; major
253	一般	一般	yī bān	ordinary; common; general; usually; so-so
254	特別	特别	tè bié	special; particular; especially; specially
255	明顯	明显	míng xiǎn	obvious; clear; evident; apparent
256	自然	自然	zì rán	nature; natural; naturally; of course
257	真正	真正	zhēn zhèng	genuine; real; truly; really
258	基本	基本	jī běn	basic; fundamental; essentially; on the whole
259	具體	具体	jù tǐ	concrete; specific; definite; particular
260	整個	整个	zhěng gè	whole; entire; complete; overall
261	只有	只有	zhǐ yǒu	only; only if; only when; the only one
262	除了	除了	chú le	except for; besides; in addition to; apart from
263	對於	对于	duì yú	regarding; with respect to; in terms of; toward
264	根據	根据	gēn jù	according to; based on; on the basis of
265	通過	通过	tōng guò	through; by means of; to pass through; to adopt
266	包括	包括	bāo kuò	to include; including; to encompass
267	關於	关于	guān yú	about; concerning; regarding; with regard to
268	以及	以及	yǐ jí	as well as; along with; and (written style)
269	之間	之间	zhī jiān	between; among; inter-
270	以上	以上	yǐ shàng	above; more than; the above-mentioned
271	目前	目前	mù qián	currently; at present; at this stage
272	同時	同时	tóng shí	at the same time; simultaneously; meanwhile
273	不斷	不断	bù duàn	continuously; constantly; unceasing
274	進行	进行	jìn xíng	to carry out; to conduct; in progress; underway
275	形成	形成	xíng chéng	to form; to take shape; formation
276	作為	作为	zuò wéi	as; in the capacity of; to act as; conduct
277	各種	各种	gè zhǒng	all kinds of; various; diverse
278	其中	其中	qí zhōng	among them; in it; within; one of which
279	部分	部分	bù fèn	part; portion; section; component
280	地方	地方	dì fāng	place; local; area; region
281	工作	工作	gōng zuò	work; job; to work; occupation
282	學習	学习	xué xí	to study; to learn; learning; study
283	生活	生活	shēng huó	life; to live; livelihood; lifestyle
284	社會	社会	shè huì	society; community; social
285	文化	文化	wén huà	culture; civilization; cultural; education
286	歷史	历史	lì shǐ	history; historical
287	政府	政府	zhèng fǔ	government; administration
288	經濟	经济	jīng jì	economy; economic; economics
289	科學	科学	kē xué	science; scientific
290	技術	技术	jì shù	technology; technique; skill; technical
291	環境	环境	huán jìng	environment; surroundings; circumstances
292	能源	能源	néng yuán	energy; energy resources
293	網絡	网络	wǎng luò	network; internet; web
294	資訊	资讯	zī xùn	information; data (used in Taiwan; cf. 信息 on mainland)
295	媒體	媒体	méi tǐ	media; medium; the press
296	機構	机构	jī gòu	institution; organization; agency; mechanism
297	企業	企业	qǐ yè	enterprise; business; company; firm
298	產品	产品	chǎn pǐn	product; goods; output
299	市場	市场	shì chǎng	market; marketplace; market-place
300	價格	价格	jià gé	price; cost; value